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第 3 章 · 词类与短语

一句话:十种词类是砖块,五种短语是砖块的组合;词类是“身份”,成分是“职务”。

词类、短语与成分

名词
├─ 专有名词 Proper:China, Tom, Monday, the Nile(首字母大写)
└─ 普通名词 Common
├─ 可数 Countable
│ ├─ 个体名词:book, apple, student
│ └─ 集体名词:family, team, class, government(police, people, cattle 恒为复数,见下)
└─ 不可数 Uncountable
├─ 物质名词:water, rice, paper, money, furniture
└─ 抽象名词:love, advice, information, news, progress

中国学习者常误当可数的不可数名词:advice, information, news, furniture, equipment, luggage/baggage, homework, knowledge, progress, weather, traffic, bread, paper(纸), work(工作)。 表数量用单位词:a piece of advice, two pieces of furniture, a loaf of bread, a cup of tea(完整的单位词表和数量限定词表见 3.10)。

可数/不可数两用(意义不同):a paper(报纸/论文) vs paper(纸);a glass(玻璃杯) vs glass(玻璃);a chicken(一只鸡) vs chicken(鸡肉);a work / works(作品;a works 工厂) vs work(工作)。

🔑 记忆:英语“数不数”看词不看物——一条建议在英语里是不可数的 advice,要说 a piece of advice。判断法:能不能说 one X, two Xs?能 → 可数。

规则 例
一般 +s book → books
以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾 +es bus → buses, box → boxes, watch → watches
辅音 + y → ies city → cities(元音 + y 直接 +s:boy → boys)
以 o 结尾 加 es:hero → heroes, potato → potatoes, tomato → tomatoes, echo → echoes;元音 + o、缩略词、外来词加 s:photo → photos, piano → pianos, radio → radios, zoo → zoos, video → videos;volcano(e)s, zero(e)s 两可
f / fe → ves leaf → leaves, knife → knives, wife → wives(但 roof → roofs, belief → beliefs, chief → chiefs)
不规则 man → men, woman → women, child → children, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, mouse → mice, ox → oxen
单复同形 sheep, deer, fish(鱼的种类可 fishes), Chinese, Japanese, means, series, species
外来复数 datum → data, criterion → criteria, phenomenon → phenomena, analysis → analyses
复合名词 passer-by → passers-by, son-in-law → sons-in-law;man/woman 开头两者都变:men teachers

🔑 记忆:-o 加 es 的常用词:“英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”(heroes, potatoes, tomatoes)。f/fe → ves 的常用词口诀:“妻子拿刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌,躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光”(wife, knife, wolf, thief, shelf, self, half, leaf, life)。

  • ‘s 所有格(有生命):Tom’s book, the children’s room, James’s / James’ car,复数以 s 结尾只加 ‘:the students’ books
  • of 所有格(无生命或长名词短语):the legs of the table, the title of the book I bought yesterday
  • 双重所有格:a friend of my father’s, a photo of Tom’s(Tom 的照片,Tom 所拥有的)vs a photo of Tom(拍的是 Tom)
  • 表时间/距离/国家等也用 ’s:today’s newspaper, an hour’s walk, China’s development

🔑 记忆:有生命 ’s,无生命 of,两者叠加 = 双重所有格(a friend of mine)。

  • 视为整体 → 单数;强调成员 → 复数(英式更常见):My family is big.(我家是个大家庭。) / My family are all doctors.(我家人都是医生。)
  • 恒为复数:police, people, cattle:The police are coming.(警察来了。)
  • 形似集合、实为不可数,恒用单数:furniture, machinery, equipment
类别 成员 要点
人称代词 主格 I you he she it we they;宾格 me you him her it us them 主格做主语;宾格做宾语和介词后(between you and me);口语 It’s me(是我。)
物主代词 形容词性 my your his her its our their;名词性 mine yours his hers ours theirs(its 不独立使用) 形容词性后必须接名词;名词性独立使用:This book is mine.(这本书是我的。)
反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 主宾同一人时:He hurt himself(他伤了自己。);强调:I did it myself(这是我自己做的。);固定搭配 enjoy oneself, help oneself, by oneself
指示代词 this that these those this/these 近、that/those 远;that/those 可替代前面提到的名词避免重复:The climate here is like that of Hainan.(这里的气候像海南的气候。)
疑问代词 who whom whose what which 见 2.3
关系代词 who whom whose which that 见 6.4
不定代词 some any no every + one/body/thing;each, either, neither, both, all, none, other, another, many, much, few, little 见下表
相互代词 each other, one another They love each other.(他们彼此相爱。)
组 用法
some / any some 用于肯定句和期待肯定回答的问句:Would you like some tea?(你想喝点茶吗?);any 用于否定、疑问、条件句;any 在肯定句中表“任何”:Any student can join.(任何学生都可以参加。)
each / every each 强调个体(可做代词:Each of them);every 强调整体(只做限定词:every student)
both / either / neither 用于两者:both 两者都,either 两者中任一,neither 两者都不
all / any / none 用于三者及以上
other / another / the other / others / the others other + 复数名词(其他的);another 再一个 / 另一个(不特指,通常三者以上);the other 两者中的另一个;others 泛指其他一些人/物;the others 特指其余全部
few / a few / little / a little few、little 否定含义(几乎没有);a few、a little 肯定含义(有一些);few/a few 修饰可数,little/a little 修饰不可数
many / much / a lot of many + 可数复数;much + 不可数;a lot of / lots of 两者皆可

复合不定代词(something, anyone, nobody…)作单数,被形容词修饰时形容词后置:something important, nothing new。

🔑 记忆:few / little——“有 a 则有,无 a 则无;few 数 little 量”。some / any——“肯定 some,否疑 any;请求邀请仍用 some”。other 系列——“the 定范围,s 表复数”:another(再一个)/ the other(两者中另一个)/ others(其他一些)/ the others(其余全部)。

  • 指代无生命事物、动物、婴儿(性别不明时)、前文提到的情况
  • 天气、时间、距离:It’s raining. It’s 5 o’clock. It’s 3 miles to the town.(在下雨。现在五点了。到镇上有三英里。)
  • 形式主语:It is important to learn English.(学英语很重要。) / It is a pity that he failed.(他失败了,真可惜。)
  • 形式宾语:I find it hard to understand him.(我觉得很难理解他。) / We think it our duty to help.(我们认为帮忙是我们的责任。)
  • 强调句:It was Tom who called.(打电话的是汤姆。)(见 7.5)

3.4 冠词与限定词 Article & Determiner

Section titled “3.4 冠词与限定词 Article & Determiner”

限定词放在名词短语最前面,“框定”名词的范围。冠词是最常用的限定词。

冠词选择流程

前位限定词 中位限定词 后位限定词 形容词 名词
all / both / half the / a / my / this two / next / many old men
↓ ↓ ↓
"all the three old men" "both my hands" "half an hour" "the next three days"

中位限定词(冠词、指示词、物主词、some/any/no/every)互相排斥,一个名词短语只能有一个:a my friend ✗ → a friend of mine ✓。

用 the 用 a/an 零冠词
特指、双方都知道 首次提及的可数单数 复数或不可数的泛指
独一无二:the sun, the world “任何一个”:A dog is loyal.(狗是忠诚的。) 专有名词、语言、学科
序数词/最高级/only:the first, the best, the only “每一”:twice a week 三餐、球类、棋类:have breakfast, play chess
乐器:play the piano 某一类中的一个:He is a teacher.(他是一名教师。) 节日、月份、星期:on Monday, in May
姓氏复数:the Smiths 表数量:a hundred, a dozen 抽象概念:Life is short.(人生短暂。)
江河、山脉、群岛:the Yangtze, the Alps 固定搭配:at home, by bus, in fact
形容词表一类人:the rich, the old 头衔 + 名字:President Lincoln

a vs an 看发音:a university(/juː/),an hour(/aʊə/),an MBA(/em/),a European。

🔑 记忆:冠词三步——特指?→ the;可数单数泛指?→ a/an;复数或不可数泛指 → 零冠词。 中位限定词(the / a / my / this / some)互斥,一个名词前只能有一个。

  • 前置定语:a beautiful garden
  • 表语:The garden is beautiful.(这个花园很美。)
  • 宾补:It made me happy.(这让我很开心。)
  • 后置定语:修饰复合不定代词时(something interesting);某些形容词固定后置(the people present, the only way possible);形容词短语后置(a man proud of his son)

主要做表语的形容词(a- 开头等)

Section titled “主要做表语的形容词(a- 开头等)”

afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake, aware, ill, well, glad, content, sorry The baby is asleep.(宝宝睡着了。) ✓ / an asleep baby ✗ → a sleeping baby (ill, sorry, content 作定语时意义不同:ill health 不佳的健康,a sorry sight 可怜的景象)

elder, former, latter, main, mere, only, sheer, utter, live(活的:a live fish;表语用 alive), daily, chief

观点 → 大小 → 性质 → 形状 → 年龄 → 颜色 → 来源 → 材料 → 用途 + 名词(Cambridge Grammar 的顺序)

a lovely little round old red Chinese wooden dining table(实际中很少超过三个)

🔑 记忆:越主观的越靠前,越客观、越“本质”的越靠近名词——观点最主观放最前,材料和用途是事物本身属性放最后。

构成 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节 +er/est tall taller tallest
以 e 结尾 +r/st large larger largest
重读闭音节,末尾单辅音双写 big, hot bigger, hotter biggest, hottest
辅音 + y → ier/iest happy, early happier happiest
多音节(及多数双音节)more/most careful, interesting more careful most careful

部分双音节形容词两种形式皆可:clever, narrow, simple, quiet, gentle(cleverer / more clever)。

不规则:good/well → better → best;bad/ill → worse → worst;many/much → more → most;little → less → least;far → farther/further → farthest/furthest;old → older/elder → oldest/eldest(elder/eldest 只用于家庭成员且只作定语)。

🔑 记忆:单音节 -er / -est,双音节看结尾(-y 变 -ier),多音节 more / most;不规则的就是最常用的那几个:好坏多少远老。

比较结构(详见 7.3):A is taller than B.(A 比 B 高。) / A is as tall as B.(A 和 B 一样高。) / A is the tallest of the three.(A 是三者中最高的。) / The more you read, the more you learn.(你读得越多,学到的就越多。)

boring(令人无聊的,描述事物特性)vs bored(感到无聊的,描述人的感受):The film is boring, so I am bored.(这部电影很无聊,所以我感到很无聊。) 同类:interesting/interested, exciting/excited, surprising/surprised, tiring/tired, confusing/confused。

类别 例词 位置倾向
方式 slowly, well, hard, carefully 动词后 / 宾语后
时间 now, then, yesterday, soon, already, still, yet 句末或句首
频率 always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never 实义动词前,be/助动词后
地点 here, there, abroad, upstairs, everywhere 句末
程度 very, quite, too, so, enough, almost, rather, fairly 被修饰词前(enough 在形容词/副词后)
疑问 when, where, why, how 句首
关系 when, where, why 引导定语从句
连接(句副词) however, therefore, moreover, otherwise 句首加逗号,不是连词,不能直接连接两个分句
  • 多个状语顺序:方式 → 地点 → 时间:He worked hard at home yesterday.(他昨天在家努力工作。);地点由小到大,时间由小到大。
  • 两种形式的副词(意义不同):hard(努力地)vs hardly(几乎不);late(迟)vs lately(最近);high(高)vs highly(高度地);most(最)vs mostly(主要地)。
  • very 修饰形容词/副词原级;much 修饰比较级(much better);修饰动词多用 very much:Thank you very much.(非常感谢你。)
  • too … to 太…而不能;enough to 足够…能;so … that 如此…以至于。
  • already / yet / still:already 肯定“已经”;yet 否定/疑问“还(没)”;still 肯定“仍然”(否定时放在助动词前:He still hasn’t come. 他仍然没来。)。
  • ago vs before:ago 从现在往前算,配一般过去时;before 从过去某点往前算,配过去完成时;before 单独用时也可配现在完成时:I’ve seen it before.(我以前见过。)

🔑 记忆:频率副词的位置——“实义动词前,be / 助动词后”(He often goes / He is often late)。多个状语——“方式、地点、时间,小的在前大的在后”。

3.7 动词 Verb(概览,详见第 4、5 章)

Section titled “3.7 动词 Verb(概览,详见第 4、5 章)”
动词
├─ 实义动词 Main verb(有具体意义)
│ ├─ 及物 vt. / 不及物 vi.
│ ├─ 系动词(连接主语和表语)
│ └─ 动态动词 / 静态动词(静态动词一般不用进行时:know, like, belong, own, seem…)
├─ 助动词 Auxiliary(帮助构成时态、语态、否定、疑问)
│ ├─ be(进行、被动) have(完成) do(否定、疑问、强调)
│ └─ 情态动词 Modal:can could may might must shall should will would (ought to, need, dare, used to)
└─ 非谓语形式:to do / doing / done(第 5 章)

动词的五种形式:原形 do — 第三人称单数 does — 过去式 did — 过去分词 done — 现在分词 doing。规则动词过去式/分词加 -ed;不规则动词需要记忆(见附录)。

短语动词(动词 + 副词/介词):

  • 可分(动副):turn on the light = turn the light on;宾语为代词时必须放中间:turn it on(✗ turn on it)
  • 不可分(动介):look after the baby, look for it(介词后直接跟宾语)
  • 三词短语:look forward to, put up with, get along with

🔑 记忆:动副可分,代词居中(turn it on);动介不分,宾语在后(look for it)。

介词后面必须跟名词性成分(名词、代词、动名词、从句),共同构成介词短语,做状语、后置定语、表语。

at on in
时刻、时点:at 6:00, at noon, at night, at the weekend(英) 日、星期、特定日子:on Monday, on May 1st, on Christmas Day, on the weekend(美) 月、季、年、世纪、上午/下午/晚上:in May, in 2020, in the morning

其他:for + 时间段(for two years);since + 时间点(since 2010);during + 名词(during the meeting);by 到…为止(by Friday);until/till 直到(until Friday);in + 时间段 = …之后(in ten minutes);after + 时间点/段(after lunch);within 在…之内。

有 this / that / next / last / every / all 等词时不用介词:this morning, next week, every day。

  • at 点(at the bus stop, at home);in 内部(in the room, in Beijing);on 表面接触(on the wall, on the floor)
  • above / over 上方(over 有覆盖或正上方义);below / under 下方
  • between 两者之间(多者之间一一对应的关系亦可:a treaty between France, Germany and Italy);among 三者以上的群体之中
  • in front of 在…前面(外部);in the front of 在…前部(内部)
  • across 横过(表面);through 穿过(内部);over 越过(上方)
  • to / toward(s) / into / onto / out of / from / along / past:表方向和移动

🔑 记忆:at 点、on 面、in 内,时间地点同一理——时刻 at、日子 on、月年 in;车站 at、桌面 on、房间 in。for 时段、since 时点。

  • by:被动的施动者;方式(by bus, by hand);到…为止;在…旁边
  • with:伴随、工具、具有;without 没有
  • of:所属、内容、部分
  • for:为了、对于、因为、持续
  • about / on:关于(on 更学术:a book on grammar)
  • like / as:像(like 比喻,as 表身份:work as a teacher)
  • despite / in spite of:尽管(后接名词,不接句子)
  • because of / due to / owing to / thanks to:因为(后接名词)
  • 特殊疑问句和定语从句中介词可以放句末(口语)或提前(正式):What are you looking at?(你在看什么?) / At what are you looking?(你在看什么?);the house in which I live = the house (which) I live in
  • 介词 + 关系代词时只能用 whom / which,不能用 that / who。
类型 作用 成员
并列连词 连接平等的词、短语、分句 and, but, or, so, for(因为), yet, nor;成对:both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but
从属连词 引导从句(第 6 章) 时间 when/while/before/after/until/since/as soon as;原因 because/since/as;条件 if/unless;让步 although/though/even if;目的 so that;结果 so…that;比较 than/as…as;方式 as if;名词性从句 that/whether/if

要点

  • 连接同一对分句时,从属连词与并列连词只能用一个:Although he is rich, but he is unhappy. ✗ → 去掉 although 或 but。中文“虽然…但是”“因为…所以”英语只能保留一个(because … so 同理)。
  • 并列连词连接的成分形式要对称(平行结构):She likes reading, swimming, and to dance. ✗ → … and dancing.
  • 句副词(however, therefore, besides)不是连词,不能用逗号直接连接两个分句:It was late, however we went on. ✗ → It was late; however, we went on.(天已经很晚了;然而,我们继续前行。) / It was late, but we went on.(天已经很晚了,但我们继续前行。)
  • and 在祈使句后表条件(见 2.4);for 作连词表原因时只能放句中,不能句首。

🔑 记忆:“虽然但是留一个,因为所以留一个”;however / therefore 是副词——前面分号,后面逗号。

3.10 数词与数量表达(英语的“量词”)

Section titled “3.10 数词与数量表达(英语的“量词”)”
  • 基数词:one, two, … twenty-one, one hundred (and) one, a/one thousand, a million, a billion hundred/thousand/million 前有具体数字时不加 s:two hundred;表约数加 s + of:hundreds of people
  • 序数词:first, second, third, fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, twenty-first;前面通常加 the
  • 分数:分子基数、分母序数,分子 >1 时分母加 s:one third, two thirds, three quarters, a half
  • 小数、百分数:3.14 = three point one four;50% = fifty percent
  • 倍数:twice as … as, three times the size of, three times as large as(three times larger than 口语可用,但有“3 倍还是 4 倍”的歧义,正式写作避免)
  • 年代:in the 1990s;in his forties(四十多岁)
  • 数词 + 名词做定语用单数加连字符:a ten-year-old boy, a five-minute walk

🔑 记忆:具体数字 + hundred / thousand / million 不加 s;约数 hundreds of 加 s 加 of。复合定语公式:“数词-单数名词-连字符”(a five-minute walk)。

汉语数词和名词之间必须有量词:“三本书”“一杯茶”。英语没有这个词类,规则是:

  • 可数名词:数词直接加名词,不需要任何“量词”:three books(三本书)、a dog(一条狗)、two cars(两辆车)。✗ three pieces of books。
  • 不可数名词:不能直接加数词(✗ two waters,✗ an advice),必须借一个可数的单位名词 + of 来计数——这就是英语里最接近“量词”的东西,语法上叫单位词 / 部分词(partitive,Quirk 5.8)。

所以中国学习者要建立的习惯是:可数名词别加“量词”,不可数名词必须加“量词”。

单位词(partitive):a + 单位名词 + of + 不可数名词

Section titled “单位词(partitive):a + 单位名词 + of + 不可数名词”
类型 单位词 例
通用“一份 / 一条 / 一件” piece, bit, item, word a piece of advice(一条建议)、a piece of furniture(一件家具)、an item of news(一条新闻)、a bit of luck(一点运气)、a word of warning(一句提醒)
容器 cup, glass, bottle, bowl, box, bag, can, jar, basket a cup of tea(一杯茶)、two bottles of water(两瓶水)、a bowl of rice(一碗饭)
形状 / 切分 loaf, slice, bar, sheet, drop, grain, lump, piece a loaf of bread(一条面包)、a slice of cake(一片蛋糕)、a bar of chocolate(一块巧克力)、a sheet of paper(一张纸)、a drop of rain(一滴雨)、a grain of rice(一粒米)
计量单位 kilo, litre, metre, pound, spoonful, handful two kilos of apples(两公斤苹果)、a litre of milk(一升牛奶)、a spoonful of sugar(一勺糖)
成双成对的物品(本身恒为复数) a pair of a pair of trousers(一条裤子)、a pair of glasses(一副眼镜)、a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)、a pair of shoes(一双鞋)
群体(可数名词复数) group, crowd, team, flock, herd, bunch, set a crowd of people(一群人)、a flock of sheep(一群羊)、a herd of cattle(一群牛)、a bunch of flowers(一束花)、a set of tools(一套工具)
抽象 fit, burst, stroke a fit of anger(一阵怒气)、a burst of laughter(一阵笑声)、a stroke of luck(一次好运)

复数和谓语:单位名词变复数,不可数名词不变:two pieces of furniture(两件家具;✗ furnitures)。谓语与单位名词一致:A piece of furniture is missing.(少了一件家具。)/ Two pairs of shoes are under the bed.(床下有两双鞋。)/ A pair of glasses is on the desk.(桌上有一副眼镜。)

注意:同一个名词可数和不可数时意义不同,可数时直接计数:two coffees(口语:两杯咖啡)、three papers(三份报纸 / 论文)、two chickens(两只鸡,对比 two pieces of chicken 两块鸡肉)。

数量限定词:按“可数 / 不可数”选

Section titled “数量限定词:按“可数 / 不可数”选”
意思 只配可数复数 只配不可数 两者都可
很多 many, a great / good many, a (large) number of, numerous much, a great deal of, a large amount of a lot of, lots of, plenty of
一些 several, a few, a couple of a little, a bit of some, any, enough
很少、几乎没有 few little —
更多 / 更少 more, fewer more, less more
最多 / 最少 most, fewest most, least most
全部 / 没有 all, both(两者), none all, no, none all, no, none, most
每一 / 任一(配单数可数) each, every, either, neither, another, one — —
  • There are many books but little time.(书很多,时间很少。)
  • A number of students were late.(有好些学生迟到了。)/ A great deal of money was wasted.(浪费了大量的钱。)
  • Fewer people came this year, so we spent less money.(今年来的人少了,所以我们花的钱也少了。)
  • 肯定句中 much / many 单用略显正式,口语多用 a lot of:I have a lot of work.(我有很多工作。);否定和疑问句中 much / many 很自然:I don’t have much time.(我没多少时间。)

🔑 记忆:可数名词别加“量词”,不可数名词必须加“量词”(a piece / cup / bottle of)。数量词看名词:many / few / a number of 管个数,much / little / a great deal of 管分量;a lot of / plenty of / some 两边通吃。fewer 跟个数,less 跟分量。

游离于句法结构之外:Oh! Wow! Ouch! Well, … Hmm. 只需知道它们不参与成分分析。

短语 中心词 结构示例 常做成分
名词短语 NP 名词 (限定词) + (形容词) + 名词 + (后置修饰):the two books on the desk that I bought 主语、宾语、表语、同位语
动词短语 VP 动词 (助动词) + 动词:has been reading, will go 谓语
形容词短语 AdjP 形容词 (程度副词) + 形容词 + (补足成分):very proud of her 定语、表语、宾补
副词短语 AdvP 副词 (程度副词) + 副词:quite slowly 状语
介词短语 PP 介词 介词 + 名词性成分:in the morning 状语、后置定语、表语

分析长句时,先把每个短语“打包”成一个单位,句子结构立刻变简单: [The tall man in the black coat] [has been waiting] [in the hall] [since morning].(那个穿黑外套的高个子男人从早上起就一直在大厅里等着。) → S + V + A + A。

错误 正确 原因
an advice / many informations a piece of advice / much information 不可数名词
He is more taller than me. He is taller than me.(他比我高。) 比较级不重复
the most easiest the easiest 最高级不重复
I have two hundreds books. two hundred books 具体数字 + hundred 不加 s
Although … but … 只留一个 中式“虽然…但是”
She is interesting in music. She is interested in music.(她对音乐感兴趣。) -ed 描述人的感受
This is my a friend. This is a friend of mine.(这是我的一个朋友。) 中位限定词互斥
very like / very enjoy like … very much very 不修饰动词
in the last Sunday last Sunday last/next/this 前不用介词
turn on it turn it on 代词宾语放动副短语中间
He is a very hard-working man, isn’t it? …, isn’t he? 反意疑问代词对应主语
名词 可数/不可数 → 决定冠词和数量词;复数变化规则 + 不规则;'s 与 of 所有格
代词 主格/宾格;形容词性/名词性物主;反身;不定代词 some/any, few/little, other/another
限定词 前位(all/both) → 中位(the/a/my/this,互斥) → 后位(数词/next/many)
冠词 特指 the / 单数泛指 a(an 看发音) / 复数与不可数泛指、专名 零冠词
形容词 定语·表语·宾补;排序越主观越靠前;比较级 -er/more;最高级 -est/most;-ing 物 / -ed 人
副词 方式·时间·频率·地点·程度;顺序 方式→地点→时间;频率副词位于实义动词前
介词 时间 at 点 / on 日 / in 月年;地点 at 点 / on 面 / in 内;for 时段 since 时点
连词 并列(and/but/or/so) 只能一个;从属引导从句;however 等是副词不是连词
数词 hundred 不加 s;分数 分子基数 分母序数;倍数 twice as…as
量词 英语无量词词类:可数直接数(three books);不可数借单位词(a piece/cup/pair of)
many/few/a number of 管个数;much/little/a great deal of 管分量;a lot of/some 两可
短语 NP/VP/AdjP/AdvP/PP,中心词决定短语类型,分析长句先打包短语