第 7 章 · 特殊结构
本章收录六个跨章节、考试和写作中最常考的结构：条件句、间接引语、比较结构、主谓一致、强调句、倒装句。它们不是新的语法层级，而是前面各章知识的综合运用。
7.1 条件句 Conditionals
Section titled “7.1 条件句 Conditionals”
四种基本类型
Section titled “四种基本类型”| 类型 | 真实性 | if 从句 | 主句 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 型 | 真实·普遍真理 | 一般现在 | 一般现在 | If you heat ice, it melts.（如果你加热冰，它就会融化。） |
| 1 型 | 真实·将来可能 | 一般现在 | will + 原形 | If it rains, we’ll stay home.（如果下雨，我们就待在家里。） |
| 2 型 | 非真实·现在/将来 | 一般过去（be → were） | would/could/might + 原形 | If I were you, I’d accept.（要是我是你，我就会接受。） / If I had time, I would help.（要是我有时间，我就会帮忙。） |
| 3 型 | 非真实·过去 | had + 过去分词 | would/could/might + have + 过去分词 | If I had known, I would have come.（要是我早知道，我就来了。） |
记忆口诀：越不真实，动词越往过去退一格。
- 1 型主句可用 can / may / must / should / 祈使句：If you see him, tell him. If it’s sunny, we can go.（如果你见到他，就告诉他。如果天晴，我们就可以去。）
- 将来可能性较小的条件：(a) should + 原形 表“万一”，仍是真实条件，主句常用 will / 祈使句：If it should rain tomorrow, we’ll cancel the trip.（万一明天下雨，我们就取消行程。）(b) were to + 原形 表纯假设，主句用 would：If the sun were to rise in the west, I would still not believe him.（即使太阳从西边升起，我也不会相信他。）
- 混合型：从句与主句时间不同：
- 过去条件 → 现在结果：If I had taken the job (过去), I would be rich now (现在).（要是我当时接受了那份工作，我现在就富有了。）
- 现在条件 → 过去结果：If he were careful (一贯), he wouldn’t have made the mistake (过去).（要是他是个细心的人，他就不会犯那个错误了。）
- 省略 if 的倒装（正式）：把 were / had / should 提到句首： Were I you, … / Had I known, … / Should it rain, … 完整例：Had I known, I would have come.（要是我早知道，我就来了。）
- 含蓄条件：without, but for, otherwise, or, with：But for your help, I would have failed.（要不是你的帮助，我早就失败了。） = If it hadn’t been for your help…
- unless = if … not；as long as / provided that / suppose 等见 6.5。
🔑 记忆：越不真实，动词越往过去退一格。省 if 只请三位：Were / Had / Should（只有这三个词能提前）。
真实与虚拟的区分
Section titled “真实与虚拟的区分”If he comes, I’ll tell him.（如果他来，我就告诉他。）（真实：他可能来） If he came, I would tell him.（要是他来了，我就会告诉他。）（虚拟：他大概不会来 / 纯假设） 两者都在谈将来；差别在于说话人认为可能性有多大。
7.2 直接引语与间接引语 Reported Speech
Section titled “7.2 直接引语与间接引语 Reported Speech”
把别人的话转述时，说话的时间、地点、人称视角都变了，所以要做三种调整。
一、人称变化
Section titled “一、人称变化”按转述者的视角改：He said, “I love my job.” → He said (that) he loved his job.（他说他热爱他的工作。）
二、时态后退（主句为过去时）
Section titled “二、时态后退（主句为过去时）”| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在 do | 一般过去 did |
| 现在进行 is doing | 过去进行 was doing |
| 现在完成 has done | 过去完成 had done |
| 一般过去 did | 过去完成 had done（口语常保持 did） |
| 过去进行 was doing | 过去完成进行 had been doing（或不变） |
| 过去完成 had done | 不变 |
| will / shall / can / may | would / should / could / might |
| must | must / had to |
| would / could / might / should / ought to | 不变 |
不后退的情况：
- 主句是现在时：He says he is busy.（他说他很忙。）
- 客观真理、自然规律：The teacher said the earth goes round the sun.（老师说地球绕着太阳转。）
- 转述时情况仍然成立（可不变）：He said he lives in Paris.（他说他住在巴黎。）（现在还住）
- 虚拟语气不变：He said, “If I were you, I’d go.” → He said if he were me, he’d go.（他说要是他是我，他就会去。）
- 带具体过去时间的一般过去时可不变：He said he was born in 1990.（他说他 1990 年出生。）
🔑 记忆：三不退——真理不退、主句现在时不退、虚拟不退；“说话时仍成立”可不退。
三、时间、地点、指示词的变化
Section titled “三、时间、地点、指示词的变化”| 直接 | 间接 | 直接 | 间接 |
|---|---|---|---|
| now | then | here | there |
| today | that day | this / these | that / those |
| tonight | that night | come | go |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day | ago | before |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day | last week | the week before / the previous week |
| next week | the following week |
（如果转述发生在同一天同一地点，这些词不必改。）
四、句型的转换
Section titled “四、句型的转换”| 直接引语类型 | 间接引语 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句 | said / told sb (that) + 陈述 | “I’m tired,” he said. → He said (that) he was tired.（他说他累了。） |
| 一般疑问句 | asked (sb) if / whether + 陈述语序 | “Are you OK?” → He asked if I was OK.（他问我是否还好。） |
| 特殊疑问句 | asked (sb) + wh- + 陈述语序 | “Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived.（他问我住在哪里。） |
| 祈使句（命令） | told / ordered sb (not) to do | “Don’t move!” → He told me not to move.（他叫我别动。） |
| 祈使句（请求） | asked sb (not) to do | “Please help me.” → She asked me to help her.（她请我帮她。） |
| 建议 | suggested doing / suggested that … (should) do | “Let’s go.” → He suggested going / that we (should) go.（他建议我们去。） |
| 感叹句 | said (that) … | “What a wonderful day!” → She said what a wonderful day it was / She said (that) it was a wonderful day.（她说这一天真美好。） |
say vs tell：say sth (to sb)；tell sb sth。He said me ✗。ask 后可直接跟人。
7.3 比较结构 Comparison
Section titled “7.3 比较结构 Comparison”| 等级 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 原级 | as + 形/副 + as；not so/as … as | He is as tall as his father. She isn’t as old as she looks.（他和他父亲一样高。她不像看上去那么老。） |
| 比较级 | 形/副-er / more + 形/副 + than | He is taller than me. This is more useful than that.（他比我高。这个比那个更有用。） |
| 最高级 | the + 形/副-est / most + 形/副 (+ of/in 范围) | He is the tallest in the class. She is the most careful of all.（他是班里最高的。她是所有人中最细心的。） |
常用比较句型
Section titled “常用比较句型”| 句型 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 倍数：twice / three times + as … as / the + 名词 + of | This room is twice as large as that one. = twice the size of that one（这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。）注：twice 不与比较级连用（✗ twice larger than）；three times 及以上可用比较级：three times larger than |
| 比较级前的程度词：much, far, a lot, a little, a bit, even, still, slightly, no, any | He is much taller. Is she any better?（他高得多。她好些了吗？） |
| the + 比较级, the + 比较级 | The more you practise, the better you get.（你练得越多，就越熟练。） |
| 比较级 + and + 比较级 | It’s getting colder and colder. More and more people …（天气越来越冷了。越来越多的人……） |
| the + 比较级 + of the two | He is the taller of the two.（他是两人中较高的那个。） |
| 否定 + 比较级 = 最高级 | I have never seen a better film.（我从未看过比这更好的电影。） = the best film |
| no more than / not more than | no more than 仅仅（= only）/ not more than 不多于（= at most）：He has no more than 10 dollars.（他只有 10 美元。）/ He has not more than 10 dollars.（他最多有 10 美元。） |
| more … than … 与其说…不如说 | He is more lazy than stupid.（他与其说是笨，不如说是懒。） |
| not so much … as … 与其说…不如说 | He is not so much a teacher as a friend.（他与其说是老师，不如说是朋友。） |
| as … as possible / as … as one can | Come as soon as possible.（尽快来。） |
| 最高级 + ever / that … have ever done | It’s the best film (that) I have ever seen.（这是我看过的最好的电影。） |
| 最高级前 the 的省略 | 副词最高级可不加 the：He runs fastest.（他跑得最快。）；同一事物不同情况比较不加 the：The lake is deepest here.（这个湖在这里最深。） |
比较对象要对等
Section titled “比较对象要对等”The climate of Beijing is colder than Shanghai. ✗ → … than that of Shanghai. ✓（气候与气候比，不是气候与城市比）
比较级不能自身比较
Section titled “比较级不能自身比较”He is taller than anyone in his class. ✗（把自己也算进去了）→ … than anyone else in his class. ✓；或 … than any student in the other class.
🔑 记忆：比什么就和什么比（that of）；和自己人比要加 else / other。not more than 只否定“多于”→ 最多；no more than 连分量一起否定 → 仅仅（= only）。
比较级的绝对用法
Section titled “比较级的绝对用法”the elder brother, higher education, the younger generation（不再比较，绝对用法）；senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior（拉丁语来源的比较级，后接 to，不接 than）：He is senior to me.（他比我资历老。）
7.4 主谓一致 Subject-Verb Agreement
Section titled “7.4 主谓一致 Subject-Verb Agreement”谓语动词的数与人称要与主语一致。三条原则：
原则一：语法一致（看形式）
Section titled “原则一：语法一致（看形式）”- 单数主语 → 单数谓语；复数主语 → 复数谓语。
- and 连接的两个名词：一般复数；但表同一人/物/概念时单数：Bread and butter is my breakfast. The writer and teacher is here.（黄油面包是我的早餐。那位作家兼老师在这里。）（一人，只有一个 the）
- each / every / no + 单数名词（即使 and 连接）→ 单数：Every boy and every girl is welcome.（每个男孩和每个女孩都受欢迎。）
- 动名词、不定式、从句作主语 → 单数：Reading is fun. What he said is true.（阅读很有趣。他说的话是真的。）
- 单个名词短语，后接 with / together with / as well as / along with / except / but / rather than / including → 看前面的主语：The teacher, as well as the students, was late.（不仅学生们，老师也迟到了。）
- many a + 单数名词 → 单数：Many a student has tried.（许多学生都尝试过。）
- more than one + 单数名词 → 单数：More than one student has failed.（不止一个学生不及格。）
- a number of + 复数 → 复数；the number of + 复数 → 单数：A number of students are absent. The number of students is 30.（许多学生缺席。学生人数是 30。）
- one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句：主句谓语与 one 一致（He is one of …）；定语从句内的谓语与复数名词一致：He is one of the students who were late.（他是迟到的学生之一。）加 the only 后，从句谓语改与 one 一致：He is the only one of the students who was late.（他是学生中唯一迟到的人。）
🔑 记忆：有 the 是“数目”→ 单（the number of）；无 the 是“许多”→ 复（a number of）。
原则二：意义一致（看含义）
Section titled “原则二：意义一致（看含义）”- 集体名词：family, team, class, government, committee, audience —— 整体单数，成员复数（英式更常用复数）：The team is strong. The team are all tired.（这支球队很强。队员们都累了。）
- 恒复数：people, police, cattle：The police are here.（警察来了。）
- 恒单数：news, physics, maths, politics, economics（学科名）, the United States（国名）, Gulliver’s Travels（书名）
- 时间、金钱、距离、重量作整体 → 单数：Ten years is a long time. Two hundred dollars is enough.（十年是一段很长的时间。两百美元就够了。）
- 数学运算 → 单数：Two and two is / makes four.（二加二等于四。）
- 分数、百分数、most of / all of / some of / half of / plenty of / the rest of + 名词 → 看 of 后的名词：Two thirds of the land is desert. Most of the students are here.（三分之二的土地是沙漠。大多数学生都在这里。）
- the + 形容词：表一类人复数（the rich are），表抽象概念单数（the beautiful is）
- 不定代词：each, either, neither, another, everyone, somebody, nothing 等 → 单数；none 单复皆可（正式用单数）；all 指人/物复数，指事单数
- what 引导的主语从句：通常单数，但表语为复数或 what 指复数时可复数：What we need are more teachers.（我们需要的是更多的教师。）
原则三：就近一致（看最近的名词）
Section titled “原则三：就近一致（看最近的名词）”以下结构谓语与靠近它的主语一致：
- there be：There is a book and two pens.（有一本书和两支钢笔。） / There are two pens and a book.（有两支钢笔和一本书。）
- or / either … or / neither … nor / not only … but also / not … but：Either you or I am wrong.（要么是你错了，要么是我错了。实际常改说 Either you are wrong or I am.）Neither the teacher nor the students know.（老师和学生们都不知道。）
- here / there 开头的倒装句同理。
主谓一致速查
Section titled “主谓一致速查”语法一致 and 复数（同一人/物单数）；each/every 单；动名词/从句主语单；as well as 看前 a number of 复 / the number of 单；one of…who 复 / the only one of…who 单意义一致 集体名词整体单成员复；people/police 复；news/physics 单；时间金钱整体单 分数/most of/half of 看 of 后；the rich 复就近一致 there be；or / either…or / neither…nor / not only…but also7.5 强调句 Emphasis
Section titled “7.5 强调句 Emphasis”
强调句型（分裂句）It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分
Section titled “强调句型（分裂句）It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分”- 可以强调主语、宾语、状语（时间、地点、原因、方式）；不能强调谓语动词和表语。
- 强调人时可用 who 或 that（作主语时 who 最常见）；其他成分一律 that。
- 判断法：去掉 It is … that，剩下的部分能还原成完整句子 → 是强调句；否则是主语从句或其他句型。
- It was in 2010 that we met.（正是在 2010 年我们相遇的。） → 去掉后 In 2010 we met.（2010 年我们相遇了。） ✓ 强调句
- It was in 2010 when we met.（合乎语法，但不是标准强调句；考试与正式写作一律用 that）
- It is clear that he is right.（很明显他是对的。） → 去掉后 Clear he is right ✗ 不是强调句，是形式主语
- 时态：It is 对应现在，It was 对应过去。
- 疑问形式：Is it … that …? / Wh- + is it that …? — Who was it that called? Why is it that you’re late?（到底是谁打的电话？你到底为什么迟到？）
- 强调 not … until：It was not until midnight that he came back.（直到午夜他才回来。）
🔑 记忆：强调句只搬名词性成分和状语，谓语和表语搬不动；去掉 It is … that 还能还原成完整句才是强调句。
其他强调手段
Section titled “其他强调手段”| 手段 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 助动词 do/does/did + 原形 | I do hope you’ll come. He did finish it.（我真的希望你能来。他确实完成了。） |
| 假分裂句 What … is … | What I need is a rest. What he did was (to) leave.（我需要的是休息。他所做的就是离开。） |
| 强调词 | very, at all, on earth, ever, in the world, whatever：What on earth are you doing? I don’t like it at all.（你到底在干什么？我一点也不喜欢它。） |
| 反身代词 | I did it myself. The king himself came.（这是我自己做的。国王亲自来了。） |
| 重复 | It’s very, very cold.（天非常非常冷。） |
| 倒装（见 7.6） | Never have I seen such a thing.（我从未见过这样的事。） |
7.6 倒装句 Inversion
Section titled “7.6 倒装句 Inversion”英语正常语序是“主语 + 谓语”。倒装是把谓语（或其一部分）放到主语前，有两类：
完全倒装：整个谓语动词提前
Section titled “完全倒装：整个谓语动词提前”| 情况 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| here / there / now / then + 动词（come, go, be, live） | Here comes the bus. There goes the bell. Then came the storm.（公交车来了。铃响了。接着暴风雨来了。） |
| 表地点/方位的状语开头（out, in, up, down, away, on the wall …） | Out rushed the children. On the wall hangs a picture.（孩子们冲了出去。墙上挂着一幅画。） |
| 表语（形容词、分词、介词短语）开头 | Gone are the days. Seated in the corner was an old man. Present at the meeting were many experts.（那些日子已经过去了。角落里坐着一位老人。出席会议的有许多专家。） |
| such 作表语开头 | Such was the result.（结果就是如此。） |
完全倒装中主语是代词时不倒装：Here it comes. Away they went.（它来了。他们走了。）
部分倒装：只把助动词 / 情态动词 / be 提到主语前（其余照旧，像一般疑问句）
Section titled “部分倒装：只把助动词 / 情态动词 / be 提到主语前（其余照旧，像一般疑问句）”| 情况 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 否定词或半否定词开头：never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, not a / not a single + 名词, nowhere, by no means, in no way, at no time, not until, under no circumstances | Never have I seen such a thing. Little did he know. Not until yesterday did I hear it.（我从未见过这样的事。他一点也不知道。直到昨天我才听说这件事。）Not a word did he say.（他一个字也没说。） |
| only + 状语（副词、介词短语、从句）开头 | Only then did I understand. Only in this way can we succeed. Only when he returned did we learn the truth.（只有到那时我才明白。只有这样我们才能成功。只有当他回来时我们才知道真相。）（only 修饰主语不倒装：Only Tom knows. 只有汤姆知道。） |
| so / neither / nor 表“也/也不” | — I like it. — So do I. / — I don’t. — Neither do I.（——我喜欢它。——我也喜欢。/ ——我不喜欢。——我也不喜欢。）（so + 主语 + 助动词 不倒装，表“确实如此”：— He is clever. — So he is. ——他很聪明。——他确实很聪明。） |
| so / such … that 中 so/such 部分开头 | So fast did he run that no one could catch him.（他跑得如此快，没人能追上他。）Such was his surprise that he couldn’t speak.（他惊讶得说不出话来。——such 作表语提前时是完全倒装） |
| not only … but also 中 not only 开头 | Not only did he come, but he also helped.（他不仅来了，还帮了忙。）（but 后不倒装） |
| hardly / scarcely … when；no sooner … than | Hardly had I arrived when it rained. No sooner had he left than she came.（我刚到就下雨了。他刚离开她就来了。）（主句过去完成，从句一般过去） |
| 省略 if 的虚拟条件句：were / had / should 开头 | Had I known, … Were I you, … Should it rain, … |
| as / though 引导的让步从句（严格说是表语 / 状语前置，主谓顺序不变） | Child as he is, he knows a lot.（他虽然是个孩子，却懂得很多。）Much as I like it, I can’t buy it.（尽管我很喜欢它，却不能买。） |
| 疑问句、感叹句 | May you succeed! How can you say that?（祝你成功！你怎么能这么说？） |
| often / many a time / well 等副词开头（少见） | Many a time has he helped us.（他多次帮助过我们。） |
- 句首是否定词 / only + 状语 / so-neither-nor / not until → 部分倒装（借助动词）
- 句首是 here-there / 方位副词 / 表语 → 完全倒装（整个谓语前移；主语为代词不倒装）
- 句首是 had / were / should 且无 if → 虚拟条件的倒装
🔑 记忆：否定 / only / so 开头 → 借（借助动词到主语前）；地点 / 表语 / here-there 开头 → 搬（整个谓语搬到主语前）；主语是代词 → 不搬。
7.7 易错点
Section titled “7.7 易错点”| 错误 | 正确 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| If I would have known, … | If I had known, … | if 从句中不用 would |
| He asked me where did I live. | He asked me where I lived.（他问我住在哪里。） | 间接引语陈述语序 |
| He said me that … | He told me that … / He said to me that … | say 不直接接人 |
| The population of China is larger than India. | … than that of India. | 比较对象对等 |
| He is taller than any student in his class. | … than any other student … | 排除自己 |
| Ten years are a long time. | Ten years is a long time.（十年是一段很长的时间。） | 时间整体单数 |
| The number of students are increasing. | … is increasing. | the number of 单数 |
| It was yesterday when I met him.（想强调时不合规范） | It was yesterday that I met him.（正是昨天我遇见了他。） | 强调句用 that |
| Only Tom did know it. | Only Tom knew it.（只有汤姆知道这件事。） | only 修饰主语不倒装 |
| Here comes it. | Here it comes.（它来了。） | 代词主语不完全倒装 |
| Not only he came, but also he helped. | Not only did he come, but he also helped.（他不仅来了，还帮了忙。） | not only 句首部分倒装 |
| No sooner I had arrived than … | No sooner had I arrived than … | no sooner 句首部分倒装 |
7.8 速查表
Section titled “7.8 速查表”条件句 0 现在→现在 | 1 现在→will | 2 过去(were)→would | 3 had done→would have done | 混合 倒装省 if：Were / Had / Should 开头；含蓄条件 but for / otherwise / without间接引语 人称改 · 时态退一格(真理/现在时主句不退) · 时间地点词改 · 疑问句陈述语序 · 祈使 tell sb to do比较 as…as / -er than / the -est；倍数 twice as…as；the more…the more；比较对象对等；any other主谓一致 语法一致(形式) · 意义一致(含义) · 就近一致(there be / or / neither…nor)强调 It is/was + 强调部分 + that/who（不能强调谓语）；do 强调；What 从句倒装 完全：here/there/方位/表语开头，代词主语不倒装 部分：否定词/only+状语/so-neither/so…that/not only/hardly…when/省 if 开头