前 7 章按结构组织(这是什么);本章按功能组织(我想表达 X,有哪几种说法、差别在哪)。每个功能一张表,只列手段、例句、一句话区别和跳转章节,不重复讲解。复习时从这里反查最快。
本章体例参考 Leech & Svartvik《A Communicative Grammar of English》的“意义 → 形式”编排,内容依据同前。
| 手段 |
例句 |
含义侧重 |
章节 |
| 一般现在时 |
I live in Beijing.(我住在北京。) |
长期状态、习惯、事实 |
4.2 |
| 现在进行时 |
I am living in Beijing (this year).(我今年住在北京。) |
临时、正在进行 |
4.2 |
| 现在完成时 |
I have lived here for 10 years.(我在这住了 10 年了。) |
从过去延续到现在 |
4.2 |
| 现在完成进行时 |
I have been waiting for an hour.(我已经等了一小时了。) |
强调动作持续、可能仍在进行 |
4.2 |
| 手段 |
例句 |
含义侧重 |
章节 |
| 一般过去时 |
I met her in 2010.(我 2010 年遇见她。) |
过去某时的事,与现在无关 |
4.2 |
| 过去进行时 |
I was reading when he came.(他来时我正在看书。) |
过去某刻正在进行、作背景 |
4.2 |
| 现在完成时 |
I have met her.(我见过她。) |
过去的事,重点在现在的结果/经历 |
4.2 |
| 过去完成时 |
I had met her before that.(在那之前我已见过她。) |
过去的过去 |
4.2 |
| used to / would |
I used to smoke.(我过去抽烟。)We would swim every day.(我们过去每天游泳。) |
过去习惯;used to 隐含“现在不了” |
4.2 |
| 手段 |
例句 |
含义侧重 |
章节 |
| will + 原形 |
It will rain.(会下雨。)I’ll help you.(我来帮你。) |
预测;临时决定;承诺 |
4.2 |
| be going to |
I’m going to study abroad.(我打算出国留学。)It’s going to rain.(要下雨了。) |
已有打算;有迹象 |
4.2 |
| 现在进行时 |
I’m meeting Tom at 6.(我 6 点和汤姆见面。) |
已安排好的计划 |
4.2 |
| 一般现在时 |
The train leaves at 9.(火车 9 点开。) |
时刻表、日程 |
4.2 |
| be about to / be to |
The show is about to start.(演出即将开始。)You are to report at 9.(你须于 9 点报到。) |
即将;正式安排/命令 |
4.2 |
| 将来进行 / 将来完成 |
I’ll be flying at 8.(8 点我将在飞行中。)I’ll have finished by June.(到六月我将完成。) |
将来某刻正在 / 到将来某点已完成 |
4.2 |
| 时间、条件从句中 |
When he comes, I’ll call.(他来了我就打电话。) |
用一般现在代将来 |
4.3 |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 一…就 |
as soon as / the moment / hardly…when / no sooner…than / on doing |
As soon as I arrived, it started to rain.(我一到就开始下雨了。)On arriving, I called her.(一到我就给她打电话。) |
6.5, 7.6 |
| 直到 |
until / not…until |
Wait until I come back.(等到我回来。)He didn’t leave until she came.(直到她来他才走。) |
6.5, 7.5 |
| 自从 |
since + 时点(主句完成时) |
I’ve been here since 2010.(我 2010 年起就在这。) |
4.2 |
| 持续多久 |
for + 时段 / 完成时 |
I’ve worked here for 5 years.(我在这工作 5 年了。) |
4.2 |
| 在…之前/之后 |
before / after / 过去完成时 / having done |
Having finished, he left.(做完后他就走了。) |
6.5, 5.3 |
| 同时 |
while / as / 分词伴随 |
She sat there, reading.(她坐在那儿看书。) |
6.5, 5.3 |
| 想问 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 是不是 |
一般疑问句 |
Are you ready?(你准备好了吗?) |
2.3 |
| 什么/谁/哪里/为何/如何 |
特殊疑问句 |
Where do you live?(你住哪儿?) |
2.3 |
| 多少/多久/多远 |
how many / much / long / far / often |
How long have you been here?(你来这多久了?) |
2.3 |
| A 还是 B |
选择疑问句 |
Tea or coffee?(茶还是咖啡?) |
2.3 |
| 求证、征求同意 |
反意疑问句 |
You’re coming, aren’t you?(你会来的,对吧?) |
2.3 |
| 委婉地问 |
间接疑问 / 情态动词 |
Could you tell me where the bank is?(能告诉我银行在哪吗?)Do you know if he’s in?(你知道他在不在吗?) |
2.3 |
| 转述别人的问题 |
asked if / wh- + 陈述语序 |
He asked where I lived.(他问我住哪儿。) |
7.2 |
| 否定疑问(惊讶、期待肯定) |
Isn’t / Don’t …? |
Isn’t it beautiful?(难道不美吗?) |
2.3 |
| 反问(不求回答) |
疑问形式表陈述 |
Who cares?(谁在乎呢?)Isn’t that obvious?(这不是显而易见吗?) |
2.3 |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 不 |
not(加在操作词后) |
She doesn’t like it.(她不喜欢。) |
2.2 |
| 从不 / 没有人 / 没有东西 / 无处 |
never / nobody / nothing / nowhere / no + 名词 |
Nobody came.(没人来。)I have no money.(我没钱。) |
2.2 |
| 几乎不 |
hardly / seldom / rarely / few / little |
He hardly ever smokes.(他几乎不抽烟。) |
2.2 |
| 并非都(部分否定) |
not all / not every / not both |
Not all birds fly.(并非所有鸟都会飞。) |
2.2 |
| 都不(全部否定) |
none / neither / no one |
None of them came.(他们一个都没来。) |
2.2 |
| 我认为…不 |
否定转移 |
I don’t think he’s right.(我认为他不对。) |
2.2 |
| 不可能 |
can’t |
He can’t be at home.(他不可能在家。) |
4.5 |
| 禁止 / 不必 |
mustn’t / needn’t, don’t have to |
You mustn’t smoke.(不准吸烟。)You needn’t come.(你不必来。) |
4.5 |
| 也不 |
neither / nor + 倒装;not…either |
Neither do I.(我也不。)I don’t like it either.(我也不喜欢。) |
7.6 |
| 否定的强调 |
at all / not…in the least / by no means + 倒装 |
I don’t like it at all.(我一点也不喜欢。)By no means is he a fool.(他绝不是傻子。) |
7.5–7.6 |
| 否定词前置 |
部分倒装 |
Never have I seen it.(我从未见过。) |
7.6 |
| 非谓语的否定 |
not to do / not doing |
He told me not to go.(他叫我别去。) |
5.2, 5.3 |
| 想说 |
手段(由强到弱 / 由直接到委婉) |
例句 |
章节 |
| 命令 |
祈使句;must;be to |
Sit down.(坐下。)You must finish today.(你必须今天完成。) |
2.4, 4.5 |
| 禁止 |
Don’t…;mustn’t;No + doing |
Don’t touch it.(别碰。)No smoking.(禁止吸烟。) |
2.4, 4.5 |
| 请求 |
please + 祈使;Can / Could / Would you…?;Would you mind doing…? |
Could you help me?(您能帮个忙吗?)Would you mind opening the window?(你介意开窗吗?) |
4.5 |
| 许可(请求/给予) |
Can / May I…?;You can / may… |
May I come in?(我可以进来吗?) |
4.5 |
| 建议 |
Let’s…;Shall we…?;Why not…?;How / What about doing?;should / ought to;had better;suggest (that) sb (should) do |
Why not take a break?(何不休息一下?)You’d better go now.(你最好现在走。)I suggest we leave.(我建议我们离开。) |
2.4, 4.5, 4.6 |
| 意愿、承诺 |
will;be going to;would like to;intend to |
I’ll do it.(我来做。)I’d like to help.(我想帮忙。) |
4.2, 4.5 |
| 转述命令/请求 |
tell / ask / order sb (not) to do |
He told me not to move.(他叫我别动。) |
7.2 |
| 委婉程度 |
过去形式更委婉:Could > Can;Would > Will;I wondered if… |
I wondered if you could help.(不知您能否帮忙。) |
4.2, 4.5 |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 能力 |
can / could(过去)/ be able to(成功做到、将来) |
She can swim.(她会游泳。)He was able to escape.(他成功逃脱了。) |
4.5 |
| 可能性(由小到大) |
might / could < may < should < will < must |
He might be ill.(他也许病了。)He must be ill.(他一定病了。) |
4.5 |
| 对过去的推测 |
情态动词 + have done |
He must have missed the train.(他一定是没赶上车。) |
4.5 |
| 必然 / 不可能 |
must / can’t |
That can’t be true.(那不可能是真的。) |
4.5 |
| 义务(由强到弱) |
must / have to > should / ought to > be supposed to |
You should see a doctor.(你应该去看医生。) |
4.5 |
| 不必 |
needn’t / don’t have to |
You don’t have to pay.(你不必付钱。) |
4.5 |
| 本应…却没 / 本不该…却做了 |
should have done / shouldn’t have done |
You should have told me.(你本该告诉我。) |
4.5 |
| 用形容词 / 副词表达可能性 |
possible / likely / probably / certainly / bound to |
It is likely to rain.(可能会下雨。)He is bound to win.(他必胜。) |
— |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 真实条件 |
if + 现在,will |
If it rains, we’ll stay.(下雨就不出去。) |
7.1 |
| 与现在相反的假设 |
if + 过去(were),would |
If I were you, I’d go.(我要是你就去。) |
7.1 |
| 与过去相反的假设 |
if + had done,would have done |
If I had known, I’d have come.(早知道我就来了。) |
7.1 |
| 除非 / 只要 / 万一 |
unless / as long as / in case |
Unless you hurry, you’ll be late.(不快点你会迟到。) |
6.5 |
| 不用 if 的条件 |
祈使 + and/or;without / but for;倒装 Had / Were / Should;otherwise |
Hurry up, or you’ll miss it.(快点,否则赶不上。)But for you, I’d have failed.(要不是你我就失败了。) |
2.4, 7.1 |
| 愿望 |
wish + 过去 / 过去完成;if only;hope + 将来 |
I wish I were taller.(我要是高点就好了。)I hope you’ll come.(希望你来。) |
4.6 |
| 遗憾 |
should have done;wish + had done;regret doing |
I wish I had studied harder.(要是当初更努力就好了。) |
4.5, 4.6 |
| 宁愿 |
would rather do / would rather sb did / prefer to |
I’d rather stay.(我宁愿留下。)I’d rather you came tomorrow.(我宁愿你明天来。) |
4.6 |
| 好像 |
as if / as though + 虚拟 |
He talks as if he knew everything.(他说话好像什么都知道。) |
4.6, 6.5 |
| 是时候了 |
It’s (high) time + 过去式 |
It’s time we left.(我们该走了。) |
4.6 |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 一样 |
as … as;the same … as;like |
She is as tall as I am.(她和我一样高。)This is the same as that.(这和那一样。) |
7.3 |
| 不一样 / 更 |
比较级 + than;not as … as;different from |
He is taller than me.(他比我高。) |
7.3 |
| 最 |
the + 最高级 + in / of;否定 + 比较级 |
She is the best in our class.(她是我们班最棒的。)I’ve never seen a better film.(我没看过更好的电影。) |
7.3 |
| 几倍 |
twice / three times + as … as / the size of / 比较级 than |
It is twice as big as mine.(它是我的两倍大。) |
7.3 |
| 越…越 |
the + 比较级, the + 比较级 |
The more, the better.(越多越好。) |
7.3 |
| 越来越 |
比较级 and 比较级 |
It’s getting colder and colder.(天越来越冷。) |
7.3 |
| 与其说…不如说 |
more … than;not so much … as |
He is more lazy than stupid.(他与其说笨,不如说懒。) |
7.3 |
| 程度(副词) |
very / quite / rather / pretty / fairly / extremely / too / enough / so…that |
It’s too hot to work.(热得没法工作。)It’s hot enough to swim.(热得可以游泳了。) |
3.6 |
| 多 / 少(数量词) |
many / much / a lot of / plenty of;few / a few / little / a little;hundreds of |
There is little hope.(几乎没希望。)There is a little hope.(还有点希望。) |
3.3, 3.10 |
| 全部 / 部分 / 没有 |
all / both / most / some / half / none / neither |
Most of them agree.(他们大多同意。) |
3.3 |
| 想说 |
连接手段(从句 / 短语 / 句副词) |
例句 |
章节 |
| 因为 |
because / since / as / now that(从句);because of / due to / owing to / thanks to(+ 名词);for(并列);分词作状语 |
He stayed because it rained.(因为下雨他留下了。)The flight was delayed due to fog.(航班因雾延误。)Being tired, he left.(因为累了他走了。) |
6.5, 3.8, 5.3 |
| 为了 |
to do / in order to / so as to;so that / in order that + can/may;for + 名词/doing |
I came to help.(我来帮忙。)Speak up so that all can hear.(大声点让大家都听见。)a knife for cutting bread(切面包的刀) |
5.2, 6.5 |
| 结果 |
so … that / such … that;so / therefore / as a result;too … to;enough to;分词作结果状语 |
It was so cold that we stayed in.(太冷了我们没出去。)He is too young to drive.(他太小不能开车。)The bus was late, causing us to miss the train.(车晚了,害我们误了火车。) |
6.5, 3.6, 5.3 |
| 虽然 |
although / though / even though / while(从句);despite / in spite of(+ 名词);however / nevertheless(句副词);as 倒装;wh-ever / no matter wh- |
Although it rained, we went.(虽然下雨,我们还是去了。)Despite the rain, we went.(尽管下雨,我们去了。)Child as he is, he knows a lot.(虽然是孩子,他懂得很多。)However hard it is, I’ll try.(无论多难我都试。) |
6.5, 3.8, 7.6 |
| 条件 |
见 8.6 |
|
|
| 方式 |
as / the way(从句);by doing;with + 名词;like(比喻);分词伴随 |
Do as I say.(照我说的做。)He learned by watching.(他靠观察学会的。) |
6.5, 3.8, 5.3 |
| 对比 |
while / whereas;but / yet;on the other hand;unlike |
He is rich, while she is poor.(他富,她穷。) |
6.2, 6.5 |
| 递进 |
and;not only … but also;besides / moreover / furthermore;what’s more |
Not only is he smart, but he’s also kind.(他不仅聪明,还善良。) |
6.2, 7.6 |
| 选择 |
or / either … or / otherwise |
Either you go or I go.(要么你去,要么我去。) |
6.2 |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 什么样的(性质) |
形容词前置;形容词排序 |
a lovely little old house(一座可爱的小老屋) |
3.5 |
| 哪一个 / 谁的 |
限定词:the / this / my / which / whose |
this book, whose book(这本书,谁的书) |
3.4 |
| 多少 |
数词(可数名词直接数);单位词 a … of(不可数名词) |
three books, a cup of tea, a pair of shoes(三本书,一杯茶,一双鞋) |
3.10 |
| 在哪 / 什么时候的 |
介词短语后置 |
the man in black(黑衣人)the meeting on Monday(周一的会) |
3.8 |
| 正在做 / 主动的 |
现在分词后置(= 进行/主动的定语从句) |
the boy standing there(站在那儿的男孩) |
5.3 |
| 被…的 / 已…的 |
过去分词后置(= 被动的定语从句) |
the window broken by Tom(被汤姆打破的窗) |
5.4 |
| 正在被…的 |
being done |
the bridge being repaired(正在修的桥) |
5.3, 5.4 |
| 要…的 / 将要…的 |
不定式后置 |
the next train to leave(下一班要开的车)something to eat(吃的东西) |
5.2 |
| 完整地说明(限定) |
限制性定语从句 |
the book that I bought(我买的那本书) |
6.4 |
| 补充说明(不限定) |
非限制性定语从句;同位语 |
Tom, who is 30, is a doctor.(汤姆 30 岁,是医生。)Beijing, the capital(北京,首都) |
6.4, 1.2 |
| 名词修饰名词 |
名词作定语;’s / of 所有格 |
a stone bridge(石桥)Tom’s car(汤姆的车)the roof of the house(房顶) |
3.2 |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 某处有 |
there be |
There is a bank nearby.(附近有家银行。) |
2.6 |
| 拥有 |
have / have got / own / belong to / with |
I have a car.(我有辆车。)The car belongs to me.(这车是我的。)a man with a beard(留胡子的男人) |
3.7, 3.8(with) |
| 是什么 / 怎么样 |
系动词 + 表语 |
He is a doctor.(他是医生。)It tastes good.(很好吃。) |
1.4 |
| 变化 |
become / get / turn / grow / go + 表语 |
Leaves turn yellow.(叶子变黄。)He got angry.(他生气了。) |
1.4 |
| 保持 |
remain / stay / keep + 表语 |
Stay calm.(保持冷静。) |
1.4 |
| 感受 |
feel / look / sound + 形容词;be + -ed 形容词 |
I feel tired.(我觉得累。)I am bored.(我很无聊。) |
1.4, 3.5 |
| 让某物处于某状态 |
make / keep / leave / get + 宾语 + 补语 |
Keep the door open.(让门开着。)It made me happy.(这让我高兴。) |
1.4 |
| 让别人做 / 被做 |
have / get sb do;have / get sth done |
I had him fix it.(我让他修好了。)I had it fixed.(我把它送去修好了。) |
5.2, 5.4 |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 强调“是谁/什么/何时/何地” |
It is/was … that/who |
It was Tom who called.(打电话的是汤姆。) |
7.5 |
| 强调“所需要/所做的是…” |
What … is … |
What I need is a rest.(我需要的是休息。) |
7.5 |
| 强调动作确实发生 |
do / does / did + 原形 |
I did lock the door.(我确实锁门了。) |
7.5 |
| 突出承受者、隐去施动者 |
被动语态 |
The bridge was built in 1932.(这桥建于 1932 年。) |
4.4 |
| 突出结果而非动作 |
get + done;be + -ed 形容词 |
He got hurt.(他受伤了。) |
4.4 |
| 把新信息放句末 |
there be;it 形式主语;被动 |
It is said that he is rich.(据说他很有钱。) |
2.6, 3.3, 4.4 |
| 把某成分推到句首以强调 |
倒装(否定词 / only / so / 表语前置) |
Only then did I understand.(直到那时我才明白。)Gone are the days.(那些日子一去不返。) |
7.6 |
| 加强语气的词 |
very / really / at all / on earth / ever / indeed |
What on earth is that?(那到底是什么?) |
7.5 |
| 想说 |
手段 |
例句 |
章节 |
| 转述陈述 |
say (that) / tell sb (that) + 时态后退 |
He said he was busy.(他说他很忙。) |
7.2 |
| 转述问题 |
ask (sb) if/whether / wh- + 陈述语序 |
She asked if I was OK.(她问我是否还好。) |
7.2 |
| 转述命令、请求 |
tell / ask / order sb (not) to do |
He asked me to wait.(他让我等。) |
7.2 |
| 转述建议 |
suggest doing / suggest that … (should) do |
He suggested going by train.(他建议坐火车去。) |
7.2, 4.6 |
| 据说 / 人们认为 |
It is said / believed / reported that…;sb is said to do |
He is said to be rich.(据说他很有钱。) |
4.4, 6.3 |
| 表达观点 |
I think / believe / suppose (that);in my opinion;as far as I know |
I don’t think he’ll come.(我认为他不会来。) |
6.3, 2.2 |
- 写作卡壳时:先想清楚要表达的功能(比较?让步?假设?),到对应表里挑一种手段,再跳到结构章节确认形式。
- 同义手段的选择:同一功能下,从句最完整、最正式;短语 / 非谓语更紧凑;句副词(however, therefore)用于连接两个独立的句子。学术写作偏好短语和被动,口语偏好从句和主动。
- 复习:把本章 12 节的表格的“想说”一栏遮住,看例句反推功能;或反过来,看功能默写出至少两种手段。